That autumn he was appointed by Gen. George Washington to command an expedition to capture Quebec. The British promised 20,000[b] for the capture of West Point, a major American stronghold; Washington greatly admired Arnold and gave him command of that fort in July 1780. [52] Historian John Shy states: Arnold began planning to capitalize financially on the change in power in Philadelphia, even before the Americans reoccupied their city. During the American War for Independence, several engagements were fought at the five-pointed star-shaped Fort Ticonderoga. "[88] At the same time, he tried to drain West Point's supplies so that a siege would be more likely to succeed. He organized the militia response, along with David Wooster and Connecticut militia General Gold Selleck Silliman. It described a boy who stole eggs from birds' nests, pulled wings off insects, and engaged in other sorts of wanton cruelty, who then grew up to become a traitor to his country. [54] Such schemes were not uncommon among American officers, but Arnold's schemes were sometimes frustrated by powerful local politicians such as Joseph Reed, who eventually amassed enough evidence to publicly air charges against him. A colonial resident by birth, Arnold made his living as a merchant before joining the American military to defend against the British. On August 25, Peggy finally delivered to him Clinton's agreement to the terms. Thereupon I expressed the desire of seeing that gentleman, and, shortly after, I was introduced to him. He later revealed that he expected to obtain the command of West Point, New York, and asked the British for 20,000 for betraying this post. [84], Arnold next wrote a series of letters to Clinton, even before he might have expected a response to the July 7 letter. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benedict-Arnold, American Battlefield Trust - Biography of Benedict Arnold, Dictionary of Canadian Biography - Biography of Benedict Arnold, The Washington Library Center for Digital History - Biography of Benedict Arnold, United States History - Biography of Benedict Arnold, Benedict Arnold - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Benedict Arnold - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Benedict Arnold: meeting with Maj. John Andr. This plan very nearly succeeded, but Arnold changed living quarters prior to sailing for Virginia in December and thus avoided capture. Together, they won the Battle of Fort Ticonderoga, America's first victory in the Revolutionary War. Benedict Arnold passed away on 3 March 1849. During the summer of 1778, he met Peggy Shippen, the 18-year-old daughter of Judge Edward Shippen (III), a Loyalist sympathizer who had done business with the British while they occupied the city;[57] Peggy had been courted by British Major John Andr during the British occupation of Philadelphia. See the fact file below for more information on . 10 interesting facts about st benedict. [146] There are also historical markers bearing his name at Wyman Lake Rest Area on US-201 north of Moscow, Maine, on the western bank of Lake Champlain, New York, and two in Skowhegan, Maine.[147]. He could not cope with failure and disgrace. "[102], The British gave Arnold a brigadier general's commission with an annual income of several hundred pounds, but they paid him only 6,315 plus an annual pension of 360[b] for his defection because his plot had failed. Background. [55], Andr conferred with Clinton, who gave him broad authority to pursue Arnold's offer. [34], Arnold then traveled to Montreal where he served as military commander of the city until forced to retreat by an advancing British army that had arrived at Quebec in May. He hoped that this work would earn him wider respect and a new command; instead, it earned him and his sons a land-grant of 15,000 acres (6,100ha) in Upper Canada,[122] near present-day Renfrew, Ontario. Among others, he shared the name with his father and. He performed operations that provided the Americans with relief during the Siege of Fort Stanwix, and key actions during the pivotal 1777 Battles of Saratoga, in which he sustained leg injuries that put him out of combat career for several years. He was a war hero who persistently fought for America's independence. Washington also infiltrated men into New York City in an attempt to capture Arnold. Omissions? [74] Furthermore, revolutionary mobs were scouring Philadelphia for Loyalists, and Arnold and the Shippen family were being threatened. He dared not tell me his name. On August 15, he received a coded letter from Andr with Clinton's final offer: 20,000[b] and no indemnification for his losses. [67], Early in May 1779, Arnold met with Philadelphia merchant Joseph Stansbury[c] who then "went secretly to New York with a tender of [Arnold's] services to Sir Henry Clinton". [9], Arnold's father was a successful businessman, and the family moved in the upper levels of Norwich society. Discussions had not borne fruit between Schuyler and Washington by early June. [132], Talleyrand continued, "I must confess that I felt much pity for him, for which political puritans will perhaps blame me, but with which I do not reproach myself, for I witnessed his agony". After Arnold was wounded in 1777, George Washington named him military governor of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, recently abandoned by the British. The crowd of hundreds of people was quiet. general, has a name that's become synonymous with deceit and. He then directed the construction of a fleet to defend Lake Champlain, which was overmatched and defeated in the October 1776 Battle of Valcour Island. [47] Burgoyne surrendered ten days after the second battle on October 17, 1777. Wilson believes that the explanation most consistent with the available documentation is that Sage was either the result of a liaison before Arnold left England or that he was Arnold's grandson by one of his older children. [80] Many of these documents had been lost during the retreat from Quebec. [103], Washington remained calm when he was presented with evidence of Arnold's treason. He was imprisoned by French authorities on Guadeloupe amid accusations of spying for the British, and narrowly eluded hanging by escaping to the blockading British fleet after bribing his guards. Benedict Arnold 0:00. [83], Andr returned victorious from the Siege of Charleston on June 18, and both he and Clinton were immediately caught up in this news. Only a few weeks after learning of Arnold's treason, General George Washington enlisted a Continental Army sergeant major named John Champe in a daring mission to capture him from behind. This was the last straw. Born in 1867 in Hanley, Staffordshire (part of the famous 'Potteries' and now a district of Stoke-on-Trent), Enoch Arnold Bennett was named after his father, a solicitor. Answer (1 of 2): In the United States, Benedict Arnold has the dubious distinction of being one of the primary figures responsible for the Revolutionary War's losing cause. [143], The Boot Monument at Saratoga National Historical Park pays tribute to Arnold but does not mention his name. [117] After her first voyage, Arnold returned to London in 1786 to bring his family to Saint John. Benedict Arnold's reasons for betraying America were extraordinarily complex. His performance in the Battle of Ridgefield in Connecticut prompted his promotion to major general. He also provided information on a proposed French-American invasion of Quebec that was to go up the Connecticut River (Arnold did not know that this proposed invasion was a ruse intended to divert British resources). "No one has betrayed those in uniform like Donald Trump ," said the voiceover in the latest ad . But You Probably Don't Know His Whole Story Illustration showing Major General Benedict Arnold (1741 - 1801) rallying the American troops. Arnold was let off with just a slap on the wrist, but again his pride had been wounded. [126] As a result of a clerical error in the parish records, his remains were removed to an unmarked mass grave during church renovations a century later. These charges were then referred to Congress, and Arnold asked for an immediate court-martial to clear himself. [66] Biographer Nathaniel Philbrick argues: Peggy Shippen did have a significant role in the plot. Benedict Arnold, despite his bravery on the battlefield, eventually switched sides and became the most infamous traitor in American history. Arnold was born in Norwich, Connecticut, on January 14, 1741. He also began to insist on a face-to-face meeting, and suggested to Arnold that he pursue another high-level command. The Arnold residence attained the reputation as one of early Amsterdam's finer homes. [139] However, not all depictions of Arnold were so negative. Lee Moran. Wallace, Willard M. "Benedict Arnold: Traitorous Patriot." He joined the growing American army outside of Boston, and distinguished himself by acts that demonstrated intelligence and bravery: In 1775, he captured Fort Ticonderoga. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. He also peppered Washington with complaints about the lack of supplies, writing, "Everything is wanting. Wikipedia Sign up to our newsletter. At the end of 1781 Arnold went to England. [50] There he participated in the first recorded Oath of Allegiance, along with many other soldiers, as a sign of loyalty to the United States.[51]. [citation needed], He then continued on to Philadelphia where he met with members of Congress about his rank. Benedict Arnold was born on January 14, 1741 in Norwich, Connecticut and named after his His mother was Hannah Waterman King, a rich widow. [40] In February 1777, he learned that he had been passed over by Congress for promotion to major general. At a prearranged rendezvous point on the shoreline his contact arrived just after midnight. Benedict Arnold led the attack at the British Fort of Ticonderoga. Although he was unsuccessful, his attempt to betray George Washington and his American forces . [128], Arnold left a small estate, reduced in size by his debts, which Peggy undertook to clear. [41], Arnold was on his way to Philadelphia to discuss his future when he was alerted that a British force was marching toward a supply depot in Danbury, Connecticut. Despite his popularity and battlefield prowess, Benedict Arnold eventually broke bad. He also faced financial ruin, falling 16,000[b] in debt with creditors spreading rumors of his insolvency, to the point where he took legal action against them. Interesting Facts About Benedict Arnold. With Benedict Arnold, he led the Green Mountain Boys to capture Fort Ticonderoga from the British in 1775. [22], The Sugar Act of 1764 and the Stamp Act of 1765 severely curtailed mercantile trade in the colonies. [23] The Stamp Act prompted Arnold to join the chorus of voices in opposition, and also led to his joining the Sons of Liberty, a secret organization which advocated resistance to those and other restrictive Parliamentary measures. [69] This was the beginning of a secret correspondence between Arnold and Andr, sometimes using his wife Peggy as a willing intermediary, which culminated more than a year later with Arnold's change of sides. Arnold died in London at the age of 60. . Did he become a traitor because of all the injustice he suffered, real and imagined, at the hands of the Continental Congress and his jealous fellow generals? [113] Other attempts all failed to gain positions within the government or the British East India Company over the next few years, and he was forced to subsist on the reduced pay of non-wartime service. [22] In a strange twist of fate, "the second most hated British . Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Benedict Arnold was born on January 14, 1741, in Norwich, Colony of Connecticut, British America. He and his men were joined by Richard Montgomery's small army and participated in the December 31 assault on Quebec City in which Montgomery was killed and Arnold's leg was shattered. Arnold eventually moved to England where he became a merchant. July 27] 1742 - June 19, 1786) was an American military officer and planter who served in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War.He emerged from the war with a reputation as one of George Washington's most talented and dependable officers, and is known for his successful command in the Southern theater of the conflict. His ventures met with mixed success. He would be an apprentice in the mercantile trade for seven years. [62], Arnold had been badly wounded twice in battle and had lost his business in Connecticut, which made him profoundly bitter. Arnold resented this affront, and only Washingtons personal persuasion kept him from resigning. Why did Benedict Arnold betray the Continental Army to the British? Later he became infamous for being a traitor, fighting for the British. He was also convicted of two minor charges of using his authority to make a profit. Andr had spies and informers keeping track of Arnold to verify his movements. [91][92] This action did little damage besides giving the captain, Andrew Sutherland, a splinter in his nosebut the splinter prompted the Vulture to retreat,[93] forcing Andr to return to New York overland. Things to remember while reading excerpts from Americans' reactions to Benedict Arnold's treason: Before his betrayal (discovered in 1780), Benedict Arnold was a major American hero. His difficult time in New Brunswick led historians to summarize it as full of "controversy, resentment, and legal entanglements" and to conclude that he was disliked by both Americans and Loyalists living there. Apparently, Arnold also had self-confidence issues and his new wife Peggy wasn't helping the situation. [140], Canadian historians have treated Arnold as a relatively minor figure. Arnold and Wemyss faced similar situations but created different legaciesWemyss "served with distinction during the war" but became a footnote in history; Arnold lost the respect of people on all sides of the Revolution and his name became synonymously linked to treason. He sent an Indian messenger into the camp of British Brigadier General Barry St. Leger with news that the approaching force was much larger and closer than it actually was; this convinced St. Leger's Indian allies to abandon him, forcing him to give up the effort. 3 January 1740][1][a] June 14, 1801) was an American-born military officer who served during the Revolutionary War. What does it mean to call someone a Benedict Arnold? [128][d], Benedict Arnold's name became synonymous with "traitor" soon after his betrayal became public, and biblical themes were often invoked. 4. Saint Benedict once lived in a hermit cave. Crippled from his wounds, Arnold was placed in command of Philadelphia (June 1778), where he socialized with families of loyalist sympathies and lived extravagantly. In exchange for cash and a commission in the British army, Major General Arnold promised to betray his cause and hand over the American fort at West Point. His subordinates, some long-time associates, grumbled about Arnold's unnecessary distribution of supplies and eventually concluded that he was selling them on the black market for personal gain. Benedict Arnold began the Revolutionary War as a militia captain. Though the location was used for training cadets in engineering starting in 1794, it officially became the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1802. Arnold had the power to act, to defy the stresses of business and the dangers of the battlefield; but Peggy had the power to endure. [13] A commonly accepted story that he deserted from militia service in 1758[14] is based on uncertain documentary evidence.[15]. He was convicted of disorderly conduct and fined the relatively small amount of 50 shillings; publicity of the case and widespread sympathy for his views probably contributed to the light sentence. [46] During the fighting in the second battle, Arnold disobeyed Gates' orders and took to the battlefield to lead attacks on the British defenses. Answer (1 of 54): Go up to most British people and ask who Benedict Arnold was, and you will get a resounding "who?" back. He grew resentful of several rival and younger generals who had been promoted ahead of him and given honors which he thought he deserved. Major Benjamin Tallmadge was a member of the Continental Army's Culper Ring, a network of spies established under Washington's orders,[97] and he insisted that Jameson order the prisoner to be intercepted and brought back. 1:38. "Since the fall of Lucifer," General Nathanial Greene judged, "nothing has equaled the fall of Arnold." Yet Arnold's accomplishments for the patriot cause were extraordinary. After the usual exchange of greetings I ventured to request from him some letters of introduction to his friends in America. Many historians see her as having facilitated Arnold's plans to switch sides; he opened secret negotiations with her friend Andr, and she relayed their messages to each other. [98], Arnold learned of Andr's capture the morning of September 24 while waiting for Washington, with whom he was going to have breakfast at his headquarters in British Col. Beverley Robinson's former summer house on the east bank of the Hudson. Benedict Arnold is an epithet for traitor in the United States; calling a person a Benedict Arnold implies that they are a traitor. [19][20] The captain was wounded in the first exchange of gunfire, and he apologized when Arnold threatened to aim to kill on the second. Despite Arnold's defection to the British, he was a fierce patriot for . Benedict Arnold, (born January 14, 1741, Norwich, Connecticut [U.S.]died June 14, 1801, London, England), patriot officer who served the cause of the American Revolution until 1779, when he shifted his allegiance to the British. These letters were delivered by Samuel Wallis, another Philadelphia businessman who spied for the British, rather than by Stansbury. Some could even argue that, patriotism aside, it might have seemed insane for him not to turn traitor. Unable to find a new military or. While en route to West Point, Arnold renewed an acquaintance with Joshua Hett Smith, who had spied for both sides and who owned a house near the western bank of the Hudson about 15 miles south of West Point. [59] Shippen and her circle of friends had found methods of staying in contact with paramours across the battle lines, despite military bans on communication with the enemy. [135] Jefferson Davis and other southern secessionist leaders were unfavorably compared to Arnold, implicitly and explicitly likening the idea of secession to treason. After formal inquiries, he was usually acquitted, but Congress investigated his finances and determined that he was indebted to Congress, and that he had borrowed money heavily to maintain a lavish lifestyle. Arnold's early life consisted of study at some of the Continent's best private schools. Troops were liberally distributed within Arnold's command area (but only minimally at West Point itself) or furnished to Washington on request. As the park's Facebook page explains, the hero's name was left off the monument for a reason. This meeting was thwarted when British gunboats in the river fired on his boat, not being informed of his impending arrival. Arnold didn't die a heroic death, or even a cowardly death. However, his actions at Saint-Jean and Valcour Island played a notable role in delaying the British advance against Ticonderoga until 1777. in George Athan Billias, ed., This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 10:05. British reinforcements arrived in late March led by William Phillips who served under Burgoyne at Saratoga. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). At first, he asked for indemnification of his losses and 10,000,[b] an amount that the Continental Congress had given Charles Lee for his services in the Continental Army. Stansbury's testimony before a British commission erroneously placed his meeting with Arnold in June. Bettmann / Corbis "You have five. Sage's gravestone indicates that he was born on April 14, 14, 1786, a date roughly confirmed by Arnold's will, which stated that Sage was 14 when Arnold wrote it in 1800. In April of 1775, after learning about the conflicts at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts, Arnold organized his men in preparation for a march to Cambridge to aid in the fight against the British . When and where was Benedict Arnold born? [35], During these actions, Arnold made a number of friends and a larger number of enemies within the army power structure and in Congress. The Portrayal of Benedict Arnold in American History", Military career of Benedict Arnold, 17751776, Military career of Benedict Arnold, 17771779, A Proclamation to the Officers and Soldiers of the Continental Army, "The Crypt Center Church on the Green New Haven, CT", 10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0200008, "Independence National Historical Park: History of the President's House", "The Culper Spy Ring American Revolution", "Loyal American Regiment Historical Treks", "Native Norwich Is Ignoring Benedict Arnold", "Benedict Arnold: The Aftermath Of Treason", Saratoga National Historical Park Tour Stop 7, "In Commemoration of Arnold's Expedition to Quebec", "Letter: Some recognize Gen. Arnold as true hero of the Revolutionary War", "By Brigadier-General Arnold, A proclamation to the officers and soldiers of the Continental army who have the real interest of their country at heart, and who are determined to be no longer the tools and dupes of Congress, or France [Signed]", "Netflix's America: The Motion Picture fails at just about everything", "Netflix's 'America: The Motion Picture' knows who its audience is. "Whom Can We Trust Now? He was extremely unpopular there and returned to London permanently in 1791, where he died ten years later. Early in May he made secret overtures to British headquarters, and a year later he informed the British of a proposed American invasion of Canada. [48] However, he interpreted the manner in which they did so as an act of sympathy for his wounds, and not an apology or recognition that they were righting a wrong. Benedict Arnold was born on January 14, 1741, in Norwich, Connecticut. [114] His reputation also came under criticism in the British press, especially when compared to Major Andr who was celebrated for his patriotism. [130] In Arnold's home town of Norwich, Connecticut, someone scrawled "the traitor" next to his record of birth at city hall, and all of his family's gravestones have been destroyed except his mother's.[131]. [121], In July 1792, Arnold fought a bloodless duel with the Earl of Lauderdale after the Earl impugned his honor in the House of Lords. Arnold was made a brigadier general in the British army. Benedict Arnold served in the Connecticut militia and participated in the Siege of Boston. He traveled extensively in the course of his business throughout New England and from Quebec to the West Indies, often in command of one of his own ships. Far fewer know . [a][133] Historical markers in Danvers, Massachusetts, and Newburyport, MA commemorate Arnold's 1775 expedition to Quebec. Benedict Arnold is an American Revolutionary War General who is known for being the best American Strategist during the war. And those of us with long memories can take some comfort that things didn't go much better for Arnold once he left the colonies to live in . With the permission of his master, Armistead enlisted in the Revolutionary War under General Lafayette. By Joyce Lee Malcolm. How did Benedict Arnold betray the Continental Army to the British? Arnold was aware of his reputation in his home country, and French statesman Talleyrand described meeting him in Falmouth, Cornwall in 1794: The innkeeper at whose place I had my meals informed me that one of his lodgers was an American general. In the House of Commons, Edmund Burke expressed the hope that the government would not put Arnold "at the head of a part of a British army" lest "the sentiments of true honour, which every British officer [holds] dearer than life, should be afflicted". Besides, I would argue that even if the British d. Mo talks with author Nathaniel Philbrick about the now . [141] Historian Barry Wilson points out that Arnold's descendants established deep roots in Canada, becoming leading settlers in Upper Canada and Saskatchewan. At critical moments Arnold inspired the Patriots with his grit and determination and earned the admiration of George Washington. By early July, he was back in Philadelphia, where he wrote another secret message to Clinton on July 7 which implied that his appointment to West Point was assured and that he might even provide a "drawing of the works by which you might take [West Point] without loss". "No," he replied, and after a few moments of silence, noticing my surprise, he added, "I am perhaps the only American who cannot give you letters for his own country all the relations I had there are now broken I must never return to the States." [18] On one of his voyages, he fought a duel in Honduras with a British sea captain who had called him a "damned Yankee, destitute of good manners or those of a gentleman". Before his name became synonymous with treason, Benedict Arnold was a bonafide hero of the American Revolutionary War. His father was a successful businessman and young Benedict had a comfortable childhood. She was a close friend of British major John Andr and kept in contact with him when he became head of the British espionage system in New York. Andr then drafted instructions to Stansbury and Arnold. [62], Wetherell says that the shortest explanation for his treason is that he "married the wrong person". They issued him a colonel's commission on May 3, 1775, and he immediately rode off to Castleton in the disputed New Hampshire Grants (Vermont) in time to participate with Ethan Allen and his men in the capture of Fort Ticonderoga. Once the former Revolutionary War hero . [87], Once Arnold established himself at West Point, he began systematically weakening its defenses and military strength. [1] [7] Arnold was the fourth surviving member of his family named after his great-grandfather Benedict Arnold I, an early governor of the Colony of Rhode Island; his grandfather (Benedict Arnold II) and father, as well as an older brother who died in infancy, were also named for the colonial governor. He then went to Cambridge, Massachusetts, and suggested to George Washington a second expedition to attack Quebec City via a wilderness route through Maine. His mother came from a wealthy family, but his alcoholic father squandered their estate. Benedict's exploits and continuous wins caught the eye of George Washington, who . Things Trump will never be. Some historians suggested an Arnold liaison in New Brunswick, but Canadian historian Barry Wilson noted the weakness of this traditional account. Yet as every elementary school student knows, Benedict reneged on his original commitment and defected to England. His grandfather, after whom he was named, was one of the founders of the Rhode Island colony, but Arnold's father was the opposite of the upstanding Benedict Arnold I. [89] Eventually, a meeting was set for September 11 near Dobb's Ferry. In 1776, he deployed defensive and delay tactics at the Battle of Valcour Island in Lake Champlain that gave American forces time to prepare New York's defenses. Peggy came from a loyalist family in Philadelphia; she had many ties to the British. [6] With the outbreak of the French Revolution, Arnold outfitted a privateer, while continuing to do business in the West Indies, even though the hostilities increased the risk. betrayal. [16] He was hardworking and successful, and was able to rapidly expand his business. Shutterstock Though one might guess that the dish was named for Benedict Arnold, the most famous traitor of the American Revolution, it was not. Before his betrayal Benedict Arnold was a legitimate hero and a competent officer. He arrived before Quebec City in November, after a difficult passage in which 300 men turned back and another 200 died en route. [149] The faculty club at the University of New Brunswick, Fredericton has a Benedict Arnold Room in which letters written by Arnold hang on the walls. Arnold's letters continued to detail Washington's troop movements and provide information about French reinforcements that were being organized. She was the conduit for information to the British. She couldand did. Thereafter his name became an epithet for traitor in the United States. The second was Benedict Arnold. [107], The pursuing American army included the Marquis de Lafayette, who was under orders from Washington to hang Arnold summarily if he was captured. 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To call someone a Benedict Arnold, he shared the name with his father a... The usual exchange of greetings I ventured to request from him some letters introduction! His attempt to capture Fort Ticonderoga, America & # x27 ; s reasons for betraying America were complex. Traitorous Patriot. 25, Peggy finally delivered to him, recently abandoned by the British Army at some the... Conferred with Clinton, who gave him broad authority to pursue Arnold 's treason prowess, reneged... Pride had been promoted ahead of him and given honors which he thought he deserved by William Phillips served! Second Battle on October 17, 1777 has betrayed those in uniform like Trump. British gunboats in the plot to detail Washington 's troop movements and provide information French., recently abandoned by the British the Boot Monument at Saratoga 's letters to... Battlefield prowess, Benedict Arnold is an epithet for traitor in the plot and informers track... 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Face-To-Face meeting, and Newburyport, MA commemorate Arnold 's command area ( but only minimally at Point. Role in the mercantile trade in the Battle of Fort Ticonderoga have suggestions to improve this (.
things named after benedict arnold