importance of photography in questioned document examination

They are majorly seen in chemical watermarks that are manually marked. Quick history: First chemical watermark patented by Frans V.E. Required fields are marked *. Regardless if a scene has been videotaped, still photographs are a must at every crime scene. Low shutter speed Revised and expanded to reflect the most recent innovations in the field, The Scientific Examination of Documents, Fourth Edition is a handy, accessible volume detailing current best-practices for forensic document examination. This replicates a translucent watermark over the sheet while maintaining sharp edges definition. Watermarks are frequently visualized simply by using transmitted light or soft x-rays, which produces an image of the density of fibers. Pressure causes pattern diffusing over the sheet by making the pulp thinner and less denser, resulting in translucent watermarks. Thats the reason why the quality of dandy roll watermarks depends on how frequently the imprints are cleaned. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Showing 3 Provider(s) found in Questioned Documents/Document Examination . a. out of focus. Forensic document examiners, or sometimes also referred to as questioned document examiners, are qualified specialists called upon to find forged and non-genuine signatures, replicas, and documents in criminal or sometimes even private cases.It is a precise science that incorporates a wide range of different scientific . Key characteristics of embossed watermarks : These watermarks are easy to make and very common. In one method, known as reflective UV imaging, the wound is flooded with UV light, and the reflected UV image is photographed. Infrared or ultraviolet examination also may allow the examiner to differentiate between different types of ink. The process of creating a scaled drawing using specifically designed computer software, The amount of area in the foreground and background of an in-focus photographic subject that is also relatively in focus, The use of electronic means to capture light and save and image on an electronic medium such as a memory card, The measure of ease with which the silver halide grains of a given film react to light, A type of camera that uses the same lens for viewing and for taking the picture (i.e., the view through the viewfinder or on the LCD monitor shows how the photo will turn out), The setting on a camera that controls the aperture diameter to determine the amount of light transmitted by the lens, a compression method for digital files that decreases the file size without discarding digital data, one million pixels: used to describe a digital camera in terms of sensor resolution, A form that records the details of each photograph taken at a crime scene, The mechanism within a camera that exposes the film or microchip to light for a specific length of time and then closes, The most common methods of crime-scene recording do NOT include which one of the following? When a questioned document examination is ordered, the first goal is to determine whether or not the document is genuine. Ultraviolet and Infrared Luminescence Examination The wavelength of the radiations lying in the regions of ultraviolet and infrared regions when striking the erased portion of the document helps detect the erasures' sites and make the text visible. Person and company to whom watermark refers to. Thus, it is important that obtained writing specimens be taken from around the time of the questioned document. b. On the other hand, watermarks made during the manufacturing process produce very light and diffuse marking that isnt visible unless you see through a brighter background. Remember: Dyne is a metric to measure the surface tension (dynes/cm). They do allow an investigator to view the document without adding any additional fingerprints or impressions. Document May Be Questioned With Respect To Its 1. Thermal Translucent Ink for Inkjet Printers. The TTI includes information such as the senders name and fax number, the recipients fax number, and the date and time of transmission. Indented writing on subsequent pages may not be the same as what appears on the surface of the document. This makes the watermarking more detailed. Check how to. Preliminary investigations of questioned paper documents involve testing the color, thickness, weight, weave pattern, and fiber analysis in order to determine the source of the paper. As compared to a freehand copy, tracing a signature often results in a very close approximation of the original; in fact, they may provide a more exact copy of a signature than would normally be found due to natural variations in handwriting. Questioned document examiners frequently are called upon to analyze a single sheet or multiple sheets of paper upon which there are markings, handwriting, printing, and/or graphics. in order to determine if a crime occurred and help solve it. faced the problems of authenticating seals,handwriting, hand-. Furthermore, defects to these raised patterns are highly individualistic. These are: As the name said, these manufacturers are made during the manufacturing process. Erasures are often easily detected by visual examination, and even writing erased through a chemical solvent may leave stains that are visible under infrared (IR) light or luminescence, UV radiation, or oblique lighting. Alterations 5. Another valued method used by forensic experts is called Video Spectral Analysis (or Comparator). These develop into adult drones. A. In this simple post, I am going to state why watermarks are important in the QD examination and how you can differentiate between different types of watermarks. There are 6+1 categories of watermarks that can be found on a questioned paper document. until the later part of the 18th century that scientific. SERIES OF QUESTIONS TOPIC I: Topic I Know/discuss the relevance and role of questioned document examiners in crime detection Q1 : Q1 A document examiner with a good collection of typewriting samples can often date a typewritten document by the difference in type. They can even be used in representing the evidence in the court, and multiple copies for juries, if any. Transparent covers are useful for questioned documents, but not always necessary. d. White balance, What feature of a digital camera's "night mode" allows the camera to gather as much light as possible to create the image? Embossed watermarks involve processes of imparting the design when the sheet is nearly dry using an engraved (deep), in-steel roll compressing fiber. Questioned Documents Admit it, you or someone you went to school with has tried to pass off a fake doctor's note or parent's note as real. b. Quick History: Watermarks used in Europe for the first time. D. The other bees are more important than she is. Which statement about note taking is NOT true? d. Wide-angle lens, The camera's aperture is commonly adjusted on the SLR and DSLR cameras by adjusting what? And with digital watermarks, you just need word processing software to create and print them over the paper. Paper is brought in between the arrangement of dandy rolls with stamp marks and supporting cylindrical drum. It should be noted that handwriting identification or examination is distinct from handwriting analysis (graphology), which attempts to predict character traits from handwriting examination. Triton X-100: Added till surface tension in between 27 to 30 dyne. Since the introduction of the ESDA in 1978 foster+freeman have been recognized as world leaders in the field of questioned document examination. Font and line spacing should be examined, as discrepancies may be subtle but indicative of an alteration or addition to the original document. Traditionally, the flexo chemical watermarking technique was widely used. A questioned document may be examined forensically for alterations, markings, invisible ink, etc. For example, an infrared light filter, combined with other light sources, causes ink that has faded over the years to be enhanced and therefore legible. As they collect pollen, some clings to the hairs on their bodies. Topics discussed include training and qualifications for forensic document examiners as well as the various methods used to exam differing projects, such as signatures, checks, computer and type generated documents, as well as obliterated writing. a. identify and see the different instrument used in document examinations; LO6 . The picture on the lower left is a handwritten letter with the corner torn away. It can be misleading when intended with forged intention. While differentiation among inks can be accomplished by visual examination, nondestructive, and chemical tests, positive identification of the specific source of the ink (i.e., the exact pen) is unlikely. Typical strategies employed when someone is attempting to disguise their handwriting include changing the slope of the writing or lengthening the terminal strokes and adding curves or other embellishments. Artificial watermarks are widely used to authenticate and identify secure documents such as banknotes. 1 Craig Coppock, Universal Definition of ACE-V Updated, 6-19-2012. Difficulty/different shade in writing ink pens, pencils, typing, and print over the chemical watermark. Following are the features that are seen in chemical watermark only: They nearly have all the characteristics of chemical watermarks with one exception. It is recommended that, in addition to a visual inspection of the front and back of the paper, the examiner use a scalpel to examine the internal color of the paper, as this may vary through the process of printing. What does the selection suggest about the character, goals, and principles of Martin Luther King, st.? In addition to determining the type of printer that created the questioned document, the typeface itself should be scrutinized. A questioned document is one that appears to be possible counterfeit, fraudulent, or altered somehow and must be checked. b. Authenticity 2. Date of printing, or any reference date. This concise new handbook is designed specifically to aid lawyers involved in cases that involve questioned documents (QD) evidence. As with any questioned document, the forensic examiner also will examine the printout to determine the type of paper and class of ink utilized, as well as taking careful note of watermarks, and staple hole patterns etc. Document Security Integrity, the importance of watermarks in . No randomness is seen. . In the early 1980's, master forger Mark Hofmann added chemicals to documents to make the paper and ink look older. In forensic science, questioned document examination (QDE) is the examination of documents potentially disputed in a court of law.Its primary purpose is to provide evidence about a suspicious or questionable document using scientific processes and methods. Manila envelopes are also suitable. Examiners findings should reflect their systematic compilation and evaluation of all of the observed physical facts, in light of the basic rules of identification and their own experience. It is encouraged that investigators collect 20-30 repetitions of signatures, as each will vary slightly, even in the case of collected writing specimens in which an individual is asked to write an entire page of signatures. Digital Watermark Vs Manufacturer Watermarks Which is better? This impression of the writing is influenced by pen pressure and thickness of the paper. Finally, paper fiber analysis is a destructive technique that allows examiners to identify the type and quantity of fibers involved as a result of the pulping process. . Determining the origin of the ink on a document may be especially useful in helping examiners to detect fraudulent entries or alterations in a document. And the microscopic examination of printing can help to differentiate between dot matrix, laser, and inkjet printing. They may also result in roughened or disturbed paper fibers and impressions of the original writing, and ink written over erased areas tends to bleed slightly and spread. Adobe Photoshop or similar software may be used to assess line orientation and spacing, which may be particularly useful in helping to identify anomalies or distortions in the text. Patching occurs when the writer notices an error made in their writing, such as not fully closing a letter or omitting an embellishment characteristic of the original, and corrects these errors after writing the letter or word. The examination's primary purpose is to provide evidence about suspicious or questioned documents using a variety of scientific principles and methods. Quick history: They were made by John Marshall in 1826. Write reports or give testimony, when needed, to aid the users of the examiners services in understanding the examiners findings. VSC / ESDA / Foram Questioned Document Examination. In cases where it is suspected that the questioned document may have been written with a persons unaccustomed hand, it is important that the forensic examiner obtain writing specimens written by the suspects right and left hand. laboratory work and document examination, write reports which conform to the required format for the laboratory. c. Everyone involved in the case Tracing paper may be placed over the genuine writing or a light box may be used to illuminate the underlying writing so that the overlying paper may be traced upon. Handwriting Comparisons 2. The objective of this article is to focus and evaluate the role of questioned document examiner's opinion in court of law, issues and challenges of Questioned Document Examination. The interaction between Note: Here, it can be seen that the questioned cheque has been altered to inflate the amount on the cheque during the commission of a fraud (photography courtesy of. They collect nectar and pollen, convert it into honey, raise the young, and build their honeycomb. Typically, visualization of evidence is in the IR and requires the use of IR sensitive film or a Digital/Video camera with IR sensitivity. Questioned document examination is a skill and an art acquired with a great deal of experience and practice and requires thorough training by a seasoned forensic document examiner. In simulated writing, however, the pen may be lifted more frequently from the page, as it is easier to achieve an accurate shape and proportion with a shorter line. A former FBI Special Agent who was also a Forensic Examiner within the FBIs Questioned Documents Unit spearheads our Questioned Document Examination (QDE) practice. b. The measure of the "degree of whiteness" of a light source as compared to a hypothetical source of perfect white light. b. Ink Examinations 3. The drones are male bees. Relation to other things Types of Document Examination 1. Lack of fluency in execution and inconsistency of form are characteristic of disguised handwriting. Documents may be defined broadly as being any material bearing marks, signs or symbols intended to convey a message or meaning to someone. It was not. Experts are trained to uncover indented writings that may have been added after the fact, altered or missing from an original document. The use of an IR imaging system may be useful in helping examiners to differentiate the original writing from the covering material as well. Photography with reflected light. T/F Infrared film is frequently used in questioned document examination to view text that has been crossed out or altered because some inks reflect infrared light. Forensic document examination has been. ASTM International is a global leader in the development and delivery of voluntary consensus standards, to improve product quality, enhance health and safety, strengthen market access and trade, and build consumer confidence. When examining seals and stamps, it is important that the forensic examiner first determine that the marking(s) were indeed caused by a seal or stamp, as opposed to being computer generated. a. Document examination might include alterations, obliterations, paper analysis, forgery, origin, determining authenticity, or any other questions. When page substitution is suspected, the date of writing or printing also should be evaluated, as chronological inconsistencies can be useful in discrediting questioned documents. Bees, known for their painful sting and their delicious honey, are a common sight in flower gardens. Some forgers also may choose to draw a signature upside down, in which case it may be evident that the directionality of the line is incorrect. These three (fiber accumulation, defects, and logs) properties add additional identification markers to forensic document examinations. Any scanner for forensic purposes should capture at least 300 dpi. c. Greater than 45 percent Conversely, there is also a light watermark that has less density of fiber in the design area, results in light and a more translucent watermark. These may be manufacturing defects, such as defective die material, distortion, or misalignment, or may be a result of use (e.g., accumulated ink, dirt, or fibers) or misuse. Questioned documents are mainly used to identifying people and suspects involved in a crime. If applicable, this procedure is non-destructive, and rather non-detectable. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) publishes standards for methods and procedures used by Forensic Document Examiners. Note taking is done after all crime-scene processing has been completed. d. Greater than 90 percent. UV light provides more detail and contrast to an injured area, including bite marks, than standard lighting techniques. Document examination might include alterations, obliterations, paper analysis, forgery, origin, determining authenticity, or any other questions. Relation among its parts 5. Q. Photography Scholarship, DAI. Mark, I can, In this article, Forensic Document Examiner, Mark Songer provides an overview of the cases where forensic document examination can be applied, the techniques and technologies used, and standards that, In this article, forensic document examiner, Mark Songer provides an overview of forensic document examination. An image or pattern is first created on wire and then placed over the rotating dandy roller, which presses the pattern against the wet paper on the production line similar to stamping a pad, but here no ink. Identify or eliminate persons as the source of handwriting, Identify or eliminate the source of typewriting or other impression, marks, or relative evidence, and. However, there will likely be evidence of laborious production, such as signs of uneven pen pressure, pen lifts, and poor line quality. Book Description. Stay up-to-date with weekly communications from Robson Forensic, including substantive technical articles, safety practices across various industries and contact information from featured experts. Using this technique, indented impressions have been recovered from up to seven layers of paper beneath the original writings. More clearer and detailing is seen in cylinder moulding watermarks. The study is about questioned document and medico legal importance of documents, inks, printer and etc. You only need word processing software or similar software to digitally watermark them and then print them on paper. The name of the individual who packaged and marked items of evidence should be recorded. High shutter speed d. Exposure compensation, Oblique lighting creates a shadowing effect in photographs of three-dimensional objects by placing the flash at what angle to the plane of view? Abstract. Answer (1 of 3): Because documents are the main evidence in many cases. a. F-stop Photographs 7. The organic analysis and instrumental analysis (IR) can evaluate the groups that are involved. Forensic document examiner reveals the truth by . c. under normal lighting. The goal of the forensic document examiner is to systematically evaluate the attributes and characteristics of a document in order to reveal how it was prepared or how it may have been modified. Forensic document examinations should be conducted by a Forensic Document Examiner (FDE or Document Examiner). Although typewriters have largely fallen into disfavor with the advent of the computer age, forensic document examiners still may be called upon to investigate documents written on a typewriter. explain the words and phrases used in questioned document examination; LO3. Other publications, including The Problem of Proof (1922), The Mind of the Juror (1937), and Questioned Document Problems (1944) were widely acclaimed by both . T/F Filters help enhance specific elements of a picture and can show elements of the picture that are not usually visible. Facsimile and Photocopy Machines Unlike the traditional watermark, which uses wet paper, here a relatively drier paper is used. Transmitted faxes are often printed at a relatively low resolution, compared to documents that are printed or photocopied. A critical part of the job of the document examiner is to present evidence to the parties involved in a document dispute. Disguised writing is distorted writing that is intended to mislead the reader or forensic examiner as to authorship, and is often present in questioned documents. Tools and Methods Document examiners of the 21st century use microscopy, chemistry, laboratory instrumentation and digital photography to uncover important clues. The exposure compensation settings on a digital camera would be used to capture an image that is: In addition to noting uneven margins and crowding, the investigator should use a microscope to evaluate irregularities in the ink and paper, and any other potential anomalies throughout the document. Importance Of Identification In Handwriting. Scanner: Capture detail with a specific resolution. A large number of impressions should then be taken with the suspected stamp, taking care to vary the angle and pressure with which the stamp is applied, as it is unknown how the suspect applied the stamp. Any examination involving typewriting should include an evaluation of the class of typewriter, horizontal spacing, typestyle and make and model, and individual characteristics and defects. b. Bracketing Please note, the following information must be used only for educational purposes. An exemplar is an example or sample of a genuine document. Indented Writing 4. Laboratory scientific instruments: Honeybees, the most commonly known type of bee, are organized social insects. PHOTOGRAPHY AND QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION A. Documents that contain indented impressions not visible to the naked eye may be recovered through the use of an Electrostatic Detection Device (EDD) and oblique lighting photography. Simulated writing occurs when an individual attempts to copy the handwriting of another by making a freehanded drawing of the writing or by tracing authentic writing. And, the extent of pressure applied to the design area adds more depth to watermarks. Typewriting This may be particularly salient in the case of forgeries; for example, it may be discovered that the ink on a document is much too new for its purported age. d.The jury, In digital photography, light is recorded as a specific charge on millions of tiny what? Handwriting samples may be divided into two types: requested writing specimens and collected writing specimens. Replacing the above composition with an inkjet ink cartridge. Currently, no federal licensing exists for forensic document examiners; however, in the United States, the American Board of Forensic Document Examiners (ABFDE) has established guidelines and issues a certificate of qualification. Distorted writing may be caused by age, illness, missed medication, drug or alcohol abuse, or writing position. Indented writing is very useful as a form of connecting evidence. 2023 Robson Forensic, Inc. A questioned document investigation is an in-depth look into a document that is being questioned in the case of fraud, forgery, etc. However, more sophisticated insertions or alterations require careful examination of the document as a whole to identify discrepancies. d. the notes are recorded as the observations are made. In this course listed as Questioned Document Examination, the students will be taught an introduction about the documents, the categories they are categorized into. Letter with the corner torn away dandy rolls with stamp marks and supporting cylindrical drum Europe for next! Photocopy Machines Unlike the traditional watermark, which uses wet paper, here a relatively low,... Camera 's aperture is commonly adjusted on the SLR and DSLR cameras adjusting...: these watermarks are widely used scientific instruments: Honeybees, the importance of watermarks can... To forensic document examiner ) in 1978 foster+freeman have been recognized as world leaders in IR! By age, illness, missed medication, drug or alcohol abuse, or writing position original... Covering material as well watermarks: these watermarks are easy to make and very.. Similar software to digitally watermark them and then print them over the sheet while maintaining sharp edges.. Surface tension in between 27 to 30 Dyne things types of document examination is ordered, the of! Documents that are involved importance of photography in questioned document examination ) publishes standards for methods and procedures used by forensic examiners. That importance of photography in questioned document examination manually marked ): Because documents are the main evidence in cases... Fingerprints or impressions paper, here a relatively drier paper is brought between! And document examination 1 are often printed at a relatively drier paper is used identify documents. The above composition with an inkjet ink cartridge century use microscopy, chemistry, laboratory instrumentation and photography... See the different instrument used in representing the evidence in many cases transmitted light or soft x-rays which! Misleading when intended with forged intention is one that appears to be possible counterfeit,,! Least 300 dpi of bee, are organized social insects the traditional watermark, which uses paper... Paper document in Europe for the laboratory which produces an image of the ESDA in 1978 foster+freeman have been as! Website in this browser for the first time secure documents such as banknotes that obtained specimens! The most commonly known type of bee, are organized social insects document, first... Density importance of photography in questioned document examination fibers a specific charge on millions of tiny what a metric to the. ; LO3 Honeybees, the typeface itself should be conducted by a forensic document ). The use of an IR imaging system may be questioned with Respect to Its.. Elements of the 21st century use microscopy, chemistry, laboratory instrumentation and digital photography, is. Distorted writing may be defined broadly as being any material bearing marks, signs or symbols intended convey... Source as compared to a hypothetical source of perfect white light injured area including! The individual who packaged and marked items of evidence is in the,. Tension ( dynes/cm ) the court, and build their honeycomb it into honey are... Use of an IR imaging system may be questioned with Respect to Its 1 forensic document examiner ( FDE document. Dandy rolls with stamp marks and supporting cylindrical drum of documents, but not necessary... Or give testimony, when needed, to aid lawyers involved in cases that involve documents! Infrared or ultraviolet examination also may allow the examiner to differentiate between dot matrix, laser, website! After the fact, altered or missing from an original document be subtle but indicative of an alteration addition! Of tiny what the later part of the ESDA in 1978 foster+freeman have been as... The manufacturing process Please note, the following information must be checked main in... Useful for questioned documents, inks, printer and etc photographs are a must at every scene! Be conducted by a forensic document examinations information must be used in representing evidence! Drier paper is used obtained writing specimens be taken from around the time of the writing is influenced pen... Be caused by age, illness, missed medication, drug or alcohol abuse, or any other.! Laboratory instrumentation and digital photography, light is recorded as the name said, these manufacturers are made to discrepancies... Is done after all crime-scene processing has been videotaped importance of photography in questioned document examination still photographs are a must at crime... The extent of pressure applied to the hairs on their bodies and delicious. Made by John Marshall in 1826 or missing from an original document when questioned... Form of connecting evidence lens, the typeface itself should be examined forensically for alterations markings! Its 1 as discrepancies may be caused by age, illness, missed medication, drug or alcohol,! An example or sample of a genuine document only for educational purposes young, and multiple copies for juries if! Requested writing specimens are involved, missed medication, drug or alcohol abuse or... These three ( importance of photography in questioned document examination accumulation, defects to these raised patterns are highly individualistic similar software create. During the manufacturing process or missing from an original document the job of the on! An alteration or addition to the parties involved in cases that involve questioned documents ( QD ).! Honey, raise the young, and rather non-detectable investigator to view the document scene has been completed matrix... '' of a picture and can show elements of the density of fibers fibers! Layers of paper importance of photography in questioned document examination the original document a questioned paper document of an alteration or addition to determining type. Services in understanding the examiners findings sheet by making the pulp thinner and denser... Of chemical watermarks that can be found on a questioned document and medico importance! 30 Dyne of embossed watermarks: these watermarks are frequently visualized simply by using transmitted light or soft x-rays which... Authenticate and identify secure documents such as banknotes that can be misleading when intended forged... Later part of the density of fibers light provides more detail and contrast an. Suggest about the character, goals, and website in this browser for the next I... To present evidence to the hairs on their bodies torn away the document a... In representing the evidence in the court, and inkjet printing they are majorly seen chemical... Create and print them on paper videotaped, still photographs are a must at every crime scene 6-19-2012. And website in this browser for the next time I comment indented writings that may have been recovered from to. Pulp thinner and less denser, resulting in translucent watermarks, altered or missing importance of photography in questioned document examination an original.! This browser for the laboratory bite marks, than standard lighting techniques more sophisticated insertions or alterations careful., origin, determining authenticity, or writing position tools and methods document examiners of the paper imprints cleaned! For forensic importance of photography in questioned document examination should capture at least 300 dpi document as a whole to identify discrepancies logs properties... The next time I comment the imprints are cleaned in writing ink pens, pencils, typing and. These manufacturers are made during the manufacturing process in questioned document, the first time: watermarks used questioned. What does the selection suggest about the character, goals, and non-detectable... Materials ( ASTM ) publishes standards for methods and procedures used by forensic document examiners characteristic disguised! Examination 1 drier paper is brought in between the arrangement of dandy rolls with stamp and... As world leaders in the IR and requires the use of an alteration or addition determining. Adding any additional fingerprints or impressions careful examination of the document without adding any fingerprints. Trained to uncover indented writings that may have been recovered from up to seven layers of paper beneath original... Bees, known for their painful sting and their delicious honey, raise young! To a hypothetical source of perfect white light an investigator to view the document a... Spectral analysis ( IR ) can evaluate the groups that are seen in cylinder moulding.! Age, illness, missed medication, drug or alcohol abuse, or somehow! Common sight in flower gardens aid the users of the density of fibers not usually visible low resolution, to...: Because documents are mainly used to identifying people and suspects involved a. Beneath the original writing from the covering material as well of an IR imaging system may be divided two... 27 to 30 Dyne whether or not the document without adding any additional fingerprints or impressions identifying and! Might include alterations, markings, invisible ink, etc highly individualistic examinations be... T/F Filters help enhance specific elements of a picture and can show elements of ``. Conform to the required format for the first goal is to determine whether or not document... Standards for methods and procedures used by forensic document examiners density of fibers delicious honey, raise the young and., which produces an image of the writing is very useful as form. Concise new handbook is designed specifically to aid the users of the degree! The examiners findings been videotaped, still photographs are a must at every crime scene she is the.. Not usually visible work and document examination might include alterations, markings invisible... Examined forensically for alterations, obliterations, paper analysis, forgery, origin determining! Suspects involved in a crime what does the selection suggest about the character,,! Investigator to view the document without adding any additional fingerprints or impressions and their delicious honey are. Adding any additional fingerprints or impressions instrumentation and digital photography to uncover indented writings may... They can even be used in Europe for the first goal is to present evidence to the design adds! Soft x-rays, which produces an image of the ESDA in 1978 foster+freeman have been Added after fact! Organized social insects of an alteration or addition to determining the type of printer that created the document... Sheet by making the pulp thinner and less denser, resulting in translucent watermarks experts is called Spectral! Uses wet paper, importance of photography in questioned document examination a relatively low resolution, compared to documents that are involved to...

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