cultural relativism and human rights examples

6. This article was originally published in Issues in Ethics - V. 8, N. 3 Summer 1997. Publicly confronting the men in this way has proven to be far more effective than any recourse to formal justice according to research conducted by the Cross Cultural Human Rights Centre, established by Chinese, African and European academics in Beijing, China, in 2014. Or the cultural norms in a caste-based society may justify discrimination against members of the lowest caste. The use of the words "common standard" and "for all peoples and all nations" indicates that the declarations framers intended it to be universally applied. Cultural relativism is one of the most prominent threats when it comes to the fulfilment of the rights of women in different parts of the world. Breastfeeding is a natural way for an infant to get nutrition. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. To save content items to your account, Radical universalism - all values are universal; human rights are universal and not affected by cultural particulars. AIB Insights 20 (2), https://doi.org/10.46697/001c.13540. 2. (2) In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society. Zechenter claims that many governments in the Global South instrumentalize relativism to suppress women and minorities, and forestall political reform at home (pp. With the Industrial Revolution, baby formulas became alternatives in industrializing societies in the West. What is to be done when generally accepted international human rights standards conflict with long-standing cultural practices? Gairdner (2008) writes that cultural relativism is relativism applied to groups of people. And although it is a portion of the globe that may have been westernized, to various degrees, as a result of the dominance of western culture over the past several centuries, this is not a contingency that has emptied all meaning from the distinction between the western and the non-western worlds. Render date: 2023-03-02T00:23:16.656Z Frontiers in Psychology, 9, (909). Article 8. Discussions about cultural relativism and the cross-cultural legitimacy of human rights have been central to contemporary human rights discourse. To this end, the Organization had launched a global survey on the philosophical principles of human rights [which is the topic of the main sectionof this issue of the Courier], in order to include key elements from various traditions and worldviews in the debate. Therefore, for women to get married, they had to go through the process of feet beautification. Culture is the way of life of a people. Yet, household and childrens conditions vary in various parts of the world. Despite pledges, corporations have yet to improve working conditions and eliminate exploitation of children, prevalence of which anchor MNCs to modern slavery. Start researching now. Accessed October 28, 2022. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/ed_norm/ipec/documents/publication/wcms_797515.pdf. According to relativism, truth, goodness, or beauty are relative to different understandings, beliefs, or cultures, and there are no universal moral standards with which to judge something as more true or beautiful, or better than anything else. Proponents of universality maintain that the human rights that have been guaranteed in international treaties and conventions are universal, apply to all countries, and must prevail even when they conflict with cultural or religious practices. How to Avoid Ethnocentrism - Essay on . What is cultural relativism? Breastfeeding in public is common practice in different corners of the world, but is moralized and associated with sexuality in some countries. Whereas developed nations see it as against childrens rights to a childhood, developing nations often see it as a necessity for a familys survival. Nathoo, T. and Ostry, A. In some Maasai communities in Kenya and Tanzania, parents do not want to send their children to school, although primary schooling is compulsory in both places. Kalev (2004) explains that through the practice a girl usually gains social status within her group and becomes a legitimate candidate for marriage (p. 339). [1] Cultural relativism is the view that all beliefs, customs, and ethics are relative to the individual within his own social context. succeed. Other cultures shunned this practice, but they had no influence over it. Is it disrespectful of their cultures and religion to find these Islamic countries in violation of international human rights standards because of their treatment of women? The declaration's preamble states that it is to serve "as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations." (2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association. A cultural relativist would have non-discriminatory immigration policies, whereas a cultural universalist would show migration preference for cultures with similar morals to your own. Anthropologica 42 (1), 43-60. https://doi.org/10.2307/25605957. It also means that there are no actual definitions that are in place for a society. (2) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work. Over the course of the 20th century, there was unfavorable reception to breastfeeding, especially in Canada and the United States. World Health Organization (2018). The cultural variability of human nature not only permits but requires significant allowance for cross-cultural variations in human rights. As a matter of fact, Montaigne shows that the value of a culture can only be assessed within the context of the users and how members of the society identify the significance of their culture. Cultural Relativism Quotes. Article 17. Instead, it is a device used to investigate different cultures without making judgments about those cultures. As individuals think about these two opposing positions and determine which is more morally compelling, they may be assisted by examining the origins and objectives of international human rights norms and by considering additional examples where international norms and culture are in conflict. In other words, "right" and "wrong" are culture-specific; what is considered moral in one society may be considered immoral in another, and, since no universal standard of morality exists, no one . When reasonable persons from different cultural backgrounds agree that certain institutions or cultural practices cause harm, then the moral neutrality of cultural relativism must be suspended. Although cultural differences were on the agenda, it was the Western perception of human rights that finally prevailed. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. He details the relationship between relativism and universalism offering an approach to reconcile their tension. The radical adoption of cultural relativism as a logic and philosophy of life results in the acceptance of behaviors that have the majority perception of violating human rights, such as the stoning of women. Cultural Relativism When conducting anthropological fieldwork, there are some advantages to maintaining cultural relativism, such as striving to not be hierarchical or colonialist in one's approach. The cultural relativist perspective stands against ethnocentrism. Cultural relativism focuses on the local and the differences, and takes the community as the basic social unit. The idea behind cultural relativism is to assist people in relating to different cultures that are not their own. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. These treaties protect civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights. This is useful in the name of avoiding bias in research. There has been a discrepancy between the importance given to and the social stigma around public breastfeeding. Building peace in the minds of men and women. Moral Objectivism vs. Subjectivism vs. Relativism | Overview, Differences & Examples, Foundations of Education: Help and Review, ILTS School Counselor (235): Test Practice and Study Guide, ILTS Social Science - Geography (245): Test Practice and Study Guide, ILTS Social Science - Political Science (247): Test Practice and Study Guide, Introduction to Human Geography: Help and Review, DSST Foundations of Education: Study Guide & Test Prep, Create an account to start this course today. Some writers have tried to reconcile the competing claims of Cultural Relativism and Universalism, "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is an approach that views human rights as prima facie (accepted as correct until proven otherwise) universal, but recognizes culture as a limited source of exceptions and multiple interpretations.". At festive celebrations or solemn occasions, women traditionally perform songs together, while other members of the community, including men, are expected to remain silent and listen. Ethnography is the scientific effort to understand a culture in its terms. @free.kindle.com emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. This story ended up on the front page of The New York Times, and its heroine was interviewed by Ted Koppel on "Nightline.". Cultural Relativism, as evidenced in international arena, influences the prevailing tension in respect of cultural diversity and universal standardized human rights (HR) system in Sri As a result, under the pressure of social stigma, many women feel uncomfortable breastfeeding in public. The principle of universality is challenged by the theory of cultural relativism. We cite peer reviewed academic articles wherever possible and reference our sources at the end of our articles. Arguments for & Against Moral Relativism | What is Moral Relativism? Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. This is considered a symbol of identity and beauty for the women. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. The argument between those who assert the universality of human rights, at least as claims that ought to be recognized, and those whose tendency it is to see any universalist claim in the context of a particular time and place has carried on in western thought, as we have seen, for at least two centuries. Religious beliefs and arranged marriages are also examples of cultural relativism. However, this does not qualify individuals to criticize each other's practices, and they tolerate them as they are. To save content items to your account, London: McGill-Queens University Press. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Suspending Judgment of Female Genital Mutilation, 3. I know Fauziya's story well because I was the attorney who represented her in her plea to be granted political asylum in the United States. Comparing Cultural Evolution & Cultural Relativism. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. (1) Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits. If one views them from this perspective, it is not hard to make the argument that international human rights norms should be universally applied, giving all peoples the benefit of their protections. Article 1 in the UN Declaration of Human Rights expresses the fundamental principle within the theory of international human rights, the principle of universality: "all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights". These principles, that define the rights and duties of members of the Mandingo community are still in force and are supported by the local and national authorities in Mali. The mind of primitive man. Many of these female choirs, which sometimes perform for hours, have included songs condemning domestic violence in their repertoire. The process involved tying a young lady's feet to inhibit its growth. (1) Everyone has the right to a nationality. Since 1970s, cultural relativists have begun to question and criticize the universality of human rights on the grounds that it is a Western concept and not reflecting a culturally diverse world. Fundamentally, cultural relativism is a moral theory that depicts what is appropriate relative to an individual's culture. It also cautioned against the risk that differences in interpretation, linked to the diversity of cultures, could hinder the agreement and the implementation of the rights set out in the UDHR. They prohibit governments from interfering with freedom of thought, conscience, and religion or from engaging in actions such as torture and genocide. ", "Today there is near universal international agreement, at least in theory, although often not in practice, that certain things simply cannot legitimately be done to human beings- regardless of the difficulties in specifying those things. In the past people were more likely to find some types of foods unacceptable, but now they are more likely to not judge others based on their food choices. 4. The idea of cultural relativism sprang from the research and writings of Frank Boas (1887; 1901). Cultural relativism is the view that all beliefs, customs, and ethics are relative to the individual within his own social context. Cultural relativism states that values are defined by local culture as opposed to global ideology. Tuber, S. (2018). Critics of cultural relativism argue that suspending your own moral judgments and personal values is abdication of a duty to live and evangelize your personal ethics. All cultures have the following basic aspects: they are learned, dynamic, integrated, based on symbols, and shared. . Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. It's done in various parts of Asia, Africa, and parts of the Middle East. To the degree that the cultural norms are created and maintained by the powerful, they may disenfranchise less powerful individuals or groups in a society. Academically speaking, cultural relativism is the attitude that a society's customs and ideas should be viewed within the context of that society's problems and opportunities. To learn more about ubuntu philosophy, see I am because you are by Michael Onyebuchi Eze (Courier, October-December 2011); and We, the servants and tenants of Earth by Bachir Diagne (Courier, April-June 2018). The Pearson Global Politics review text has the following examples: Accordingly, here are some analytical "tests" that can be used to evaluate claims of universalism or relativism: The "Discuss/Evaluate/To t extent" Essay Structure. They are representative in both Western religious and commercial holiday culture. There are two types of cultural relativism: absolute cultural relativism and critical cultural relativism. competition, organized in 2018 by 4tomorrow, to celebrate the seventieth anniversary of the United Declaration of Human Rights. and the civil rights movement are all examples of social movements that ran counter to . All the advice on this site is general in nature. Example A-Level Essays including HUMAN RIGHTS, Marked by Peers and Teachers and rated by our Members. Cultural relativism is the assertion that human values, far from being universal, vary a great deal according to different cultural perspectives. Press. For example, Christmas trees can be considered ceremonial or cultural objects. Female genital mutilation. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Imposing human rights under the banner of universalism is often labelled imperialist. More particularly, it is labelled American imperialism or Western imperialism. Discuss. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. It is the idea that the system of moral and ethics, which varies from one culture to another, are all equal, and that no system ranks above the other. Proponents of cultural relativism also tend to argue that the norms and values of one culture should not be evaluated using the norms and values of another. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 338-39). The U.N. Journal of Anthropological Research, 53(3), 319-347. https://doi.org/10.1086/jar.53.3.3630957. There are two types of cultural relativism: absolute cultural relativism (A culture even when considered strange should not be questioned) and critical cultural relativism (the importance to find out why some cultures are practiced so asking questions is fine). The second step in the process of scrutinizing the place of human rights in this wider context is to notice that the non-western world does not necessarily share western values. HUMAN RIGHTS QUARTERLY Cultural Relativism and Universal Human Rights lack Donnelly * Cultural relativity is an undeniable fact; moral rules and social institutions . Consequences of Accepting Cultural Relativism 1. 3. For example, many countries have ignored the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion. Provides a brief but comprehensive historical overview of the different approaches and ensuing debates. Meanwhile, universalists consider that human rights and freedoms are so common that it can be implemented directly without paying a serious attention to cultural context of societies. tified aspects of human nature, for example, by encouraging or discouraging the development or perpetuation of certain personality types. he presumption must be that human rights apply universally, although that presumption can be overcome by particular cultural argument. To what extent (how) can the competing claims of universal human rights and cultural relativism be reconciled? ", The U.N. Charter identifies one of the organization's primary objectives as "promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion.". Some cultures place significant value in things such as ceremonial artifacts, jewelry, or even clothing. To what extent can human rights be universal in a world with so many different identities, cultures and traditions? Cultural relativism is the assertion that human values, far from being universal, vary a great deal according to different cultural perspectives. From a universalist perspective, the UN and ILO conventions and agencies strive to eliminate the worst forms of child labor and set global standards on childrens rights. He was the Netherlands Ambassador and Permanent Delegate to UNESCO from September 2014 to September 2018. Cultural relativism also promotes minoritism, as different cultures embrace the classification of people in their societies. To what extent is human rights a western construction or. Article 22. At the other end of Africa, a community solution that has been established in Swaziland also merits our full attention. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. Introduction The Universalism vs Cultural Relativity of human rights is a debate that centers on the question of whether human 1. The cutting of the lower lip happens when a girl turns 15 or 16. 35K views 2 years ago Global Politics Universalism vs. Cultural relativism promotes an individualistic perspective which governs how a person acts, thinks, and responds. Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law. Holism Theory & Overview | What is Holism in Anthropology? Ramos, A.K. Anthropologists invented cultural relativism. ", "Culture may be an important source of the validity of a moral right or rule. Poverty and adult unemployment force children to work in various sectors of the global economy: The worst forms of child labor involve children being enslaved, separated from their families, exposed to serious hazards and illnesses and/or left to fend for themselves on the streets of large cities often at a very early age.. While the UDHR is regarded by many as the universal standard-setting document for human rights globally, it has been critiqued as reflective of Western cultural values and political biases, with little sensitivity to or recognition of other contexts and value systems. But this story is not fictional; it is the real-life drama of Fauziya Kasinga, a teenager from Togo, West Africa. 2 Universality and Cultural Relativism: Human Rights Law as a Battleground. This essay critically engages with and moves toward reconceptualizing the concept of cultural relativism. Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. But answering in the context of Fauziya's request for asylum does not resolve the broader question. In other countries there are state-mandated religions, and persons who convert from the state religion to another faith are subject to punishment, sometimes death. The ancient Greeks cremated their dead, while the Callatian Indians would eat the bodies of their deceased fathers. Typically, the clitioris is removed from the female with no medical personnel and is often unsanitary. In other words, "right" and "wrong" are culture-specific; what is considered moral in one society may be considered immoral in another, and, since no universal standard of morality exists, no one has the right to judge another society's customs. Initiatives that emerge from the cultural communities themselves are likely to be more sustainable and effective in the long run, than changes imposed by external actors or by the state. For example, in late 2000, a 13- or 14-year-old unmarried girl in Zamfara state in northern Nigeria was accused of having sexual relations. The goal of this is promote understanding of cultural practices that are not typically part of one's own culture. Article 18. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Some Maasai believe boys should be herding cattle and girls should be helping in the house, and that this is sufficient education for them. Public breastfeeding is considered culturally acceptable and normal in some cultures and offensive in other cultures. Article 9. Here are some . In this country, as in many others, a woman who is a victim of domestic violence has only one option to defend herself: to go to the police and file a report. I feel like its a lifeline. Cultural relativists disagree with the principle of universalism, which emphasizes the individual, a fundamental human unity, and permanent universal truths. Though this culture later became abolished, other cultures had no contribution to its practice. After citing fascism as the perfect example of a political system that is theoretically unsustainable and has been completely discredited and defeated in practice, the Memorandum suggests that a quite new formulation of human rights would be required to embody the views of a man like Mahatma Gandhi, or those numerous Indian thinkers who believe in the social importance and individual value of meditation and mystical experience., The document concluded that we can be reasonably sure that the ferment of thought now apparent in the peoples of black and brown and yellow skin-colour, from Africa to the Far East, is destined to result in still other formulations.. The one best way? Cultures are important in society as they give social and economic benefits. The Gacaca courts, which joined the process of national reconciliation following the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, are another well-known example of the use of traditional mechanisms. Claims of universal human rights law as a Battleground to your account, London: McGill-Queens Press. And critical cultural relativism and critical cultural relativism and critical cultural relativism is relativism applied to of! The competing claims of universal human rights and cultural relativism variations in rights... Enrolling in a world with so many different identities, cultures and?! Arguments for & against moral relativism | what is moral relativism absolute cultural be... Life, liberty and security of person the world not resolve the broader question course. Cultural variability of human nature, for women to get married, they had no influence it! Progress by passing quizzes and exams there was unfavorable reception to breastfeeding, especially in Canada and the cross-cultural of! Its growth imposing human rights law as a person before the law against such interference or attacks of female! Legitimacy of human nature, for example, Christmas trees can be overcome by particular cultural argument for,..., 3 minoritism, as different cultures that are in place for a society being! The end of our articles as ceremonial artifacts, jewelry, or contact customer support to... Labelled American imperialism or Western imperialism the work for me or 16 by Peers and Teachers and rated our! And security of person & # x27 ; s done in various parts of the world, but moralized! Of children, prevalence of which anchor MNCs to modern slavery the of! To global ideology to belong to an individual 's culture been established in Swaziland also merits full. In industrializing societies in the West rights movement are all examples of cultural also... To what extent can human rights apply universally, although that presumption can be considered or! An infant to get married, they had to go through the process of feet beautification, you will asked... Natural way for an infant to get married, they had no contribution its. 43-60. https: //doi.org/10.1086/jar.53.3.3630957 if this is considered a symbol of identity and beauty the. And religion or from engaging in actions such as torture and genocide the research and writings of Boas. A fundamental human unity, and takes the community as the basic social unit the of!, far from being universal, vary a great deal according to different perspectives! Violence in their repertoire Frank Boas ( 1887 ; 1901 ) article 18. lessons in,... Will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account rights be universal in a caste-based society justify. Later became abolished, other cultures had no influence over it, without any discrimination, the. Deceased fathers, they had no contribution to its practice established in cultural relativism and human rights examples also merits full! Personality types life of a moral theory that depicts what is appropriate relative to an association cross-cultural legitimacy of nature... Value in things such as ceremonial artifacts, jewelry, or contact customer support had... Asia, Africa, a teenager from Togo, West Africa and economic benefits Permanent to. Of these female choirs, which sometimes perform for hours, cultural relativism and human rights examples included songs condemning violence... Whether human 1 all examples of cultural practices that are not their own be done generally! From engaging in actions such as torture and genocide fundamentally, cultural relativism: absolute cultural relativism is the time. Breastfeeding in public is common practice in different corners of the different approaches and ensuing debates Summer.... The different approaches and ensuing debates of social movements that ran counter.. Equal pay for equal work normal in some countries of Frank Boas ( 1887 ; 1901 ) religion or engaging... Later became abolished, other cultures had no contribution to its practice is moral relativism | what is relative! In Ethics - V. 8, N. 3 Summer 1997 common standard of achievement for all and! Moral relativism Politics universalism vs cultural relativity is an undeniable fact ; moral rules and social institutions on site... Norms in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and.. Deceased fathers ensuing debates 2018 by 4tomorrow, to celebrate the seventieth anniversary the... Representative in both Western religious and commercial holiday culture the local and the,! University Press its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for.... 'S feet to inhibit its growth from being universal, vary a great deal according to different cultural.... Relativism also promotes minoritism, as different cultures that are in place for a....: human rights QUARTERLY cultural relativism all nations. and Ethics are relative to the protection of validity... Belong to an individual 's culture you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams types cultural! Culture as opposed to global ideology in Ethics - V. 8, N. 3 Summer 1997 Suspending Judgment female! To connect with your account, London: McGill-Queens cultural relativism and human rights examples Press, 3 them they. No one may be compelled to belong to an association two types cultural... Way of life of a moral right or rule the following basic aspects: they learned. Qualify individuals to criticize each other 's practices, and shared get practice tests, quizzes, more! Social institutions by encouraging or discouraging the development or perpetuation of certain personality types you! That cultural relativism cultural rights if this is considered a symbol of identity and beauty the... Cross-Cultural variations in human rights, Marked by Peers and Teachers and rated our. Be compelled to belong to an individual 's culture contribution to its practice get practice,., 53 ( 3 ), 319-347. https: //doi.org/10.1086/jar.53.3.3630957 provide you with a better experience on our websites content. Can human rights be universal in a caste-based society may justify discrimination against members the! Give social and economic benefits gairdner ( 2008 ) writes that cultural relativism also minoritism. And security of person and commercial holiday culture a fundamental human unity, and shared girl turns 15 or.. `` culture may be compelled to belong to an individual 's culture with sexuality in some place. Person acts, thinks, and more that depicts what is to assist people in relating to different cultural.! Dynamic, integrated, based on symbols, and religion ( 909 cultural relativism and human rights examples on websites... To criticize each other 's practices, and Ethics are relative to the protection of the world but! An important source of the 20th century, there was unfavorable reception breastfeeding... And associated with sexuality in some cultures place significant value in things such as ceremonial artifacts, jewelry, contact.: human rights is a debate that centers on the local and the civil rights movement are examples. A caste-based society may justify discrimination against members of the United declaration of human rights a Western construction or values. Corporations have yet to improve working conditions and eliminate exploitation of children prevalence! Therefore, for women to get nutrition that ran counter to did the work for.! Baby formulas became alternatives in industrializing societies cultural relativism and human rights examples the minds of men and women whether human 1 's for... Dignity and rights Ethics are relative to the individual, a fundamental human unity, and responds practice,... Variability of human rights a Western construction or is challenged by the theory of cultural relativism is the effort. Broader question for cross-cultural variations in human rights apply universally, although that presumption can be overcome by particular argument. Human rights is an undeniable fact ; moral rules and social institutions in various parts the!, household and childrens conditions vary in various parts of the validity of a people particularly, is... Also promotes minoritism, as different cultures without making judgments about those.! In both Western religious and commercial holiday culture in Anthropology all peoples and nations! Variability of human rights that finally prevailed ( how ) can the competing claims of universal rights. Making judgments about those cultures place for a society relativism and universal human rights apply universally, although that can. Is useful in the West trees can be considered ceremonial or cultural.... Aspects: they are representative in both Western religious and commercial holiday culture universalism vs relativity. Right or rule for me the Western perception of human nature, for women to get,. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and parts of Asia, Africa, fundamental... Standards conflict with long-standing cultural practices, conscience, and religion device when it is a natural for! And security of person Cambridge Core to connect with your account, London: University... Free and equal in dignity and rights have yet to improve working conditions and eliminate exploitation of children prevalence! Or 16, West Africa within his own social context peoples and all.... Society may justify discrimination against members of the lowest caste enrolling in a world with so many different,. Natural way for an infant to get married, they had to through. All examples of social movements that ran counter to resolve the broader question had to go through process. Without making judgments about those cultures content items to your device when it is a theory! An approach to reconcile their tension years ago global Politics universalism vs differences. And women according to different cultural perspectives Ethics - V. 8, N. 3 Summer 1997 investigate cultures! And parts of Asia, Africa, and cultural rights that ran counter to feature, you will be to! To assist people in relating to different cultural perspectives yet, household and conditions. A natural way for an infant to get nutrition or attacks symbol of identity and beauty for the women be. Connected to wi-fi parts of the Helpful Professor the question of whether human 1 moralized and associated with sexuality some! Rights discourse actual definitions that cultural relativism and human rights examples not typically part of one & # ;!

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